Search
00
GBAF Logo
trophy
Top StoriesInterviewsBusinessFinanceBankingTechnologyInvestingTradingVideosAwardsMagazinesHeadlinesTrends

Subscribe to our newsletter

Get the latest news and updates from our team.

Global Banking and Finance Review

Global Banking & Finance Review

Company

    GBAF Logo
    • About Us
    • Profile
    • Privacy & Cookie Policy
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
    • Advertising
    • Submit Post
    • Latest News
    • Research Reports
    • Press Release
    • Awards▾
      • About the Awards
      • Awards TimeTable
      • Submit Nominations
      • Testimonials
      • Media Room
      • Award Winners
      • FAQ
    • Magazines▾
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 79
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 78
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 77
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 76
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 75
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 73
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 71
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 70
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 69
      • Global Banking & Finance Review Magazine Issue 66
    Top StoriesInterviewsBusinessFinanceBankingTechnologyInvestingTradingVideosAwardsMagazinesHeadlinesTrends

    Global Banking & Finance Review® is a leading financial portal and online magazine offering News, Analysis, Opinion, Reviews, Interviews & Videos from the world of Banking, Finance, Business, Trading, Technology, Investing, Brokerage, Foreign Exchange, Tax & Legal, Islamic Finance, Asset & Wealth Management.
    Copyright © 2010-2025 GBAF Publications Ltd - All Rights Reserved.

    Editorial & Advertiser disclosure

    Global Banking and Finance Review is an online platform offering news, analysis, and opinion on the latest trends, developments, and innovations in the banking and finance industry worldwide. The platform covers a diverse range of topics, including banking, insurance, investment, wealth management, fintech, and regulatory issues. The website publishes news, press releases, opinion and advertorials on various financial organizations, products and services which are commissioned from various Companies, Organizations, PR agencies, Bloggers etc. These commissioned articles are commercial in nature. This is not to be considered as financial advice and should be considered only for information purposes. It does not reflect the views or opinion of our website and is not to be considered an endorsement or a recommendation. We cannot guarantee the accuracy or applicability of any information provided with respect to your individual or personal circumstances. Please seek Professional advice from a qualified professional before making any financial decisions. We link to various third-party websites, affiliate sales networks, and to our advertising partners websites. When you view or click on certain links available on our articles, our partners may compensate us for displaying the content to you or make a purchase or fill a form. This will not incur any additional charges to you. To make things simpler for you to identity or distinguish advertised or sponsored articles or links, you may consider all articles or links hosted on our site as a commercial article placement. We will not be responsible for any loss you may suffer as a result of any omission or inaccuracy on the website.

    Home > Research Reports > Increasing Use of TAED in Laundry Detergents to Accelerate the Growth of Household Bleach Precursor Market – FactMR Study
    Research Reports

    Increasing Use of TAED in Laundry Detergents to Accelerate the Growth of Household Bleach Precursor Market – FactMR Study

    Increasing Use of TAED in Laundry Detergents to Accelerate the Growth of Household Bleach Precursor Market – FactMR Study

    Published by Uma Rajagopal

    Posted on November 15, 2021

    Featured image for article about Research Reports



    The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak has compelled several manufacturers and industries to rethink their operations to gradually recover from the losses incurred for years to come. The organic chemicals industry suffered a huge setback due to halted production and a limited supply of raw materials.

    The report offers actionable and valuable market insights of Household Bleach Precursor. The latest report by Fact.MR provides details on the present scenario of the market across various regions along with the historic data and forecast of the market. The report also includes information on the sales and demand of Household Bleach Precursor Market across various industries and regions.

    To remain ‘ahead’ of your competitors, request for a sample –  https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=S&rep_id=2311

    The market study done by Fact.MR gives exclusive information about how the market will grow. The study identifies crucial trends that are determining the growth of Household Bleach Precursor market. This newly published report sheds light on vital dynamics, such as the drivers, restraints, and opportunities for key market players as well as emerging players associated with the production and supply. The latest report by Fact.MR provides detailed Market Analysis of Household Bleach Precursor

    This newly published and insightful report sheds light on Market Insights of Household Bleach Precursor, key dynamics, their impact on the overall value chain from suppliers to end-users and Growth of Household Bleach Precursor Market.

    The bleach precursor market is likely to witness a slow growth during the forecast period 2018-2027, as per the latest report by Fact.MR. The growth in the bleach precursor market is being hampered due to the shift in consumer demand towards bleach-free liquid detergents. Completely water-soluble, no chances of accumulation on the fabric, and also eliminating the risk of allergic reactions, are some of the factors driving demand for liquid detergent as compared to powder detergent containing bleach precursor worldwide.

    According to the report, the bleach precursor market is likely to bring in more than 102,000 tons in terms of volume by the end of 2018. The bleach precursor market is also facing tough competition from alternative products acting as bleach substitutes. Bleach alternatives such as oxygen-based bleach and hydrogen peroxide are used by manufacturers to produce eco-friendly detergent products.

    Tetraacetylethylenediamine to Account for the Largest Share in Bleach Precursor Market

    Tetraacetylethylenediamine also known as TAED is a bleach precursor largely used in combination with hydrogen peroxide releasing bleaching agents. Providing better results in terms of bleaching at the lower temperatures, TAED is used by manufacturers as an essential ingredient in laundry detergents and bleaches.

    Tetraacetylethylenediamine is expected to surpass 80,000 tons in terms of volume by 2018 end in the bleach precursor market, as per the study by Fact.MR. Manufacturers in Europe are using TAED bleach precursor on a large scale in manufacturing detergents and cleaning agents. Accessibility of raw material and lower temperatures in various countries in Europe are factors driving the demand for TAED in the bleach precursor market.

    Majority of the bleach-containing fabric washing products are using TAED to achieve useful bleaching effects at lower temperatures. The low manufacturing cost of TAED is also making it commercially viable across various regions.

    Need more information about Report Methodology? Click here-  https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=RM&rep_id=2311

    Bleach Precursor to Find Large Application in Production of Laundry Detergent

    Laundry detergent industry is likely to emerge as the largest user of the bleach precursor. Bleach precursors are used on a large scale to manufacture laundry detergent to provide sanitation of fabrics during the wash. However, the biggest concern among detergent manufacturers using bleach precursor is that it forms peroxyacid bleach at high alkaline pH, leading to an inactive form of bleach precursor, thus, reducing its sanitation.

    Hence, laundry detergent manufacturers are also focusing on bleach precursor alternatives such as liquid hydrogen peroxide laundry bleaching composition. Meanwhile, peroxygen bleaches are used to manufacture detergent for soil and stain removal. Peroxygen bleaches are widely used in commercial laundries in Europe and the US, enhancing bleaching at low and moderate temperatures.

    Meanwhile, in the bleach precursor market, manufacturers are producing TAED and NOBS on a large scale, as TAED is used widely across Europe, while NOBS is main bleach precursor used in Japan and the US. Laundry detergent industry as the end-user in bleach precursor market is expected to account for nearly 75% of market share in terms of volume by the end of 2018, according to the report by Fact.MR.

    Europe is likely to emerge as one of the most dominating regions in the bleach precursor market. Rise in use of synthetic fabrics, and in blend with cellulosic, and rise in colored fabrics have led to lower wash temperatures in Europe. Hence, the use of bleach precursor in detergents by manufacturers is increasing. Industrial and institutional cleaning products and household detergents are the two major consumers of bleach precursor in Europe.

    The Middle East and Africa (MEA) followed by Latin America are also anticipated to witness steady growth in the bleach precursor market in the coming years. New product development by detergent manufacturers is driving the growth of the bleach precursor market in the MEA region.

    The overall growth in the bleach precursor market is anticipated to remain sluggish, with demand for bleach precursor expanding at 1.4% CAGR in terms of volume during the forecast period 2018-2027.

    Market Segmentation

    The bleach precursor market is segmented on the basis of product, end-use industry, form, and region. These segments are further divided into sub-segments, thereby, offering clear picture on the current scenario in the bleach precursor market.

    Based on the product type, the bleach precursor market is segmented into tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate.

    On the basis of end-use industry, the bleach precursor market is bifurcated into household cleaners, paper & pulp, laundry detergent, dishwashing, and textile. By form, the segment includes powder and granular.

    Full Access of this Exclusive Report is Available at-  https://www.factmr.com/checkout/2311

    Key Question answered in the survey of Household Bleach Precursor market report:

    • Sales and Demand of Household Bleach Precursor
    • Growth of Household Bleach Precursor Market
    • Market Analysis of Household Bleach Precursor
    • Market Insights of Household Bleach Precursor
    • Key Drivers Impacting the Household Bleach Precursor market
    • Which are the Key drivers impacted by Household Bleach Precursor market
    • Restraints Shaping Market Growth
    • Market Survey of Household Bleach Precursor

    More Valuable Insights on Household Bleach Precursor Market

    Fact.MR, in its new report, offers an unbiased Market Analysis of Household Bleach Precursor, Sales and Demand of Household Bleach Precursor, analyzing forecast statistics through 2019 and beyond. The study reveals growth projections on the basis of various criteria.

    Explore Fact.MR’s Coverage on the Chemicals and Materials Domain:

    Bio-succinic Acid Market – Forecast, Trend, Analysis & Competition Tracking – Global Market Insights 2020 to 2030

    Surge Suppression IC Market –Forecast, Trend Analysis & Competition Tracking – Global Review 2021 to 2031

    Liquid Propellants Market – Forecast, Trend Analysis & Competition Tracking – Global Review 2021 to 2031

    About Us:

    Market research and consulting agency with a difference! That’s why 80% of Fortune 1,000 companies trust us for making their most critical decisions. While our experienced consultants employ the latest technologies to extract hard-to-find insights, we believe our USP is the trust clients have on our expertise. Spanning a wide range – from automotive & industry 4.0 to healthcare & retail, our coverage is expansive, but we ensure even the most niche categories are analyzed. Our sales offices in United States and Dublin, Ireland. Headquarter based in Dubai, UAE. Reach out to us with your goals, and we’ll be an able research partner.

    Contact:
    US Sales Office:
    11140 Rockville Pike
    Suite 400
    Rockville, MD 20852
    United States
    Tel: +1 (628) 251-1583

    Corporate Headquarter:
    Unit No: AU-01-H Gold Tower (AU),
    Plot No: JLT-PH1-I3A,
    Jumeirah Lakes Towers,
    Dubai, United Arab Emirates
    Email: sales@factmr.com
    Visit Our Website: https://www.factmr.com

     



    The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak has compelled several manufacturers and industries to rethink their operations to gradually recover from the losses incurred for years to come. The organic chemicals industry suffered a huge setback due to halted production and a limited supply of raw materials.

    The report offers actionable and valuable market insights of Household Bleach Precursor. The latest report by Fact.MR provides details on the present scenario of the market across various regions along with the historic data and forecast of the market. The report also includes information on the sales and demand of Household Bleach Precursor Market across various industries and regions.

    To remain ‘ahead’ of your competitors, request for a sample –  https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=S&rep_id=2311

    The market study done by Fact.MR gives exclusive information about how the market will grow. The study identifies crucial trends that are determining the growth of Household Bleach Precursor market. This newly published report sheds light on vital dynamics, such as the drivers, restraints, and opportunities for key market players as well as emerging players associated with the production and supply. The latest report by Fact.MR provides detailed Market Analysis of Household Bleach Precursor

    This newly published and insightful report sheds light on Market Insights of Household Bleach Precursor, key dynamics, their impact on the overall value chain from suppliers to end-users and Growth of Household Bleach Precursor Market.

    The bleach precursor market is likely to witness a slow growth during the forecast period 2018-2027, as per the latest report by Fact.MR. The growth in the bleach precursor market is being hampered due to the shift in consumer demand towards bleach-free liquid detergents. Completely water-soluble, no chances of accumulation on the fabric, and also eliminating the risk of allergic reactions, are some of the factors driving demand for liquid detergent as compared to powder detergent containing bleach precursor worldwide.

    According to the report, the bleach precursor market is likely to bring in more than 102,000 tons in terms of volume by the end of 2018. The bleach precursor market is also facing tough competition from alternative products acting as bleach substitutes. Bleach alternatives such as oxygen-based bleach and hydrogen peroxide are used by manufacturers to produce eco-friendly detergent products.

    Tetraacetylethylenediamine to Account for the Largest Share in Bleach Precursor Market

    Tetraacetylethylenediamine also known as TAED is a bleach precursor largely used in combination with hydrogen peroxide releasing bleaching agents. Providing better results in terms of bleaching at the lower temperatures, TAED is used by manufacturers as an essential ingredient in laundry detergents and bleaches.

    Tetraacetylethylenediamine is expected to surpass 80,000 tons in terms of volume by 2018 end in the bleach precursor market, as per the study by Fact.MR. Manufacturers in Europe are using TAED bleach precursor on a large scale in manufacturing detergents and cleaning agents. Accessibility of raw material and lower temperatures in various countries in Europe are factors driving the demand for TAED in the bleach precursor market.

    Majority of the bleach-containing fabric washing products are using TAED to achieve useful bleaching effects at lower temperatures. The low manufacturing cost of TAED is also making it commercially viable across various regions.

    Need more information about Report Methodology? Click here-  https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=RM&rep_id=2311

    Bleach Precursor to Find Large Application in Production of Laundry Detergent

    Laundry detergent industry is likely to emerge as the largest user of the bleach precursor. Bleach precursors are used on a large scale to manufacture laundry detergent to provide sanitation of fabrics during the wash. However, the biggest concern among detergent manufacturers using bleach precursor is that it forms peroxyacid bleach at high alkaline pH, leading to an inactive form of bleach precursor, thus, reducing its sanitation.

    Hence, laundry detergent manufacturers are also focusing on bleach precursor alternatives such as liquid hydrogen peroxide laundry bleaching composition. Meanwhile, peroxygen bleaches are used to manufacture detergent for soil and stain removal. Peroxygen bleaches are widely used in commercial laundries in Europe and the US, enhancing bleaching at low and moderate temperatures.

    Meanwhile, in the bleach precursor market, manufacturers are producing TAED and NOBS on a large scale, as TAED is used widely across Europe, while NOBS is main bleach precursor used in Japan and the US. Laundry detergent industry as the end-user in bleach precursor market is expected to account for nearly 75% of market share in terms of volume by the end of 2018, according to the report by Fact.MR.

    Europe is likely to emerge as one of the most dominating regions in the bleach precursor market. Rise in use of synthetic fabrics, and in blend with cellulosic, and rise in colored fabrics have led to lower wash temperatures in Europe. Hence, the use of bleach precursor in detergents by manufacturers is increasing. Industrial and institutional cleaning products and household detergents are the two major consumers of bleach precursor in Europe.

    The Middle East and Africa (MEA) followed by Latin America are also anticipated to witness steady growth in the bleach precursor market in the coming years. New product development by detergent manufacturers is driving the growth of the bleach precursor market in the MEA region.

    The overall growth in the bleach precursor market is anticipated to remain sluggish, with demand for bleach precursor expanding at 1.4% CAGR in terms of volume during the forecast period 2018-2027.

    Market Segmentation

    The bleach precursor market is segmented on the basis of product, end-use industry, form, and region. These segments are further divided into sub-segments, thereby, offering clear picture on the current scenario in the bleach precursor market.

    Based on the product type, the bleach precursor market is segmented into tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate.

    On the basis of end-use industry, the bleach precursor market is bifurcated into household cleaners, paper & pulp, laundry detergent, dishwashing, and textile. By form, the segment includes powder and granular.

    Full Access of this Exclusive Report is Available at-  https://www.factmr.com/checkout/2311

    Key Question answered in the survey of Household Bleach Precursor market report:

    • Sales and Demand of Household Bleach Precursor
    • Growth of Household Bleach Precursor Market
    • Market Analysis of Household Bleach Precursor
    • Market Insights of Household Bleach Precursor
    • Key Drivers Impacting the Household Bleach Precursor market
    • Which are the Key drivers impacted by Household Bleach Precursor market
    • Restraints Shaping Market Growth
    • Market Survey of Household Bleach Precursor

    More Valuable Insights on Household Bleach Precursor Market

    Fact.MR, in its new report, offers an unbiased Market Analysis of Household Bleach Precursor, Sales and Demand of Household Bleach Precursor, analyzing forecast statistics through 2019 and beyond. The study reveals growth projections on the basis of various criteria.

    Explore Fact.MR’s Coverage on the Chemicals and Materials Domain:

    Bio-succinic Acid Market – Forecast, Trend, Analysis & Competition Tracking – Global Market Insights 2020 to 2030

    Surge Suppression IC Market –Forecast, Trend Analysis & Competition Tracking – Global Review 2021 to 2031

    Liquid Propellants Market – Forecast, Trend Analysis & Competition Tracking – Global Review 2021 to 2031

    About Us:

    Market research and consulting agency with a difference! That’s why 80% of Fortune 1,000 companies trust us for making their most critical decisions. While our experienced consultants employ the latest technologies to extract hard-to-find insights, we believe our USP is the trust clients have on our expertise. Spanning a wide range – from automotive & industry 4.0 to healthcare & retail, our coverage is expansive, but we ensure even the most niche categories are analyzed. Our sales offices in United States and Dublin, Ireland. Headquarter based in Dubai, UAE. Reach out to us with your goals, and we’ll be an able research partner.

    Contact:
    US Sales Office:
    11140 Rockville Pike
    Suite 400
    Rockville, MD 20852
    United States
    Tel: +1 (628) 251-1583

    Corporate Headquarter:
    Unit No: AU-01-H Gold Tower (AU),
    Plot No: JLT-PH1-I3A,
    Jumeirah Lakes Towers,
    Dubai, United Arab Emirates
    Email: sales@factmr.com
    Visit Our Website: https://www.factmr.com

     

    Related Posts
    Workflow Automation Market Outlook 2025: Business Expansion, Market Trends, and Future Predictions
    Workflow Automation Market Outlook 2025: Business Expansion, Market Trends, and Future Predictions
    Smart Contracts Market 2032 Industry Overview, Evolution Growth Rate and Future Forecasts 2025-2032
    Smart Contracts Market 2032 Industry Overview, Evolution Growth Rate and Future Forecasts 2025-2032
    Predictive Maintenance Market 2025-2032: Industry Outlook, Trends Analysis, New Opportunities, and Prospects
    Predictive Maintenance Market 2025-2032: Industry Outlook, Trends Analysis, New Opportunities, and Prospects
    Oilseed Market to Expand at a CAGR of 5.3% by 2032 – Growth Drivers & Forecast Analysis
    Oilseed Market to Expand at a CAGR of 5.3% by 2032 – Growth Drivers & Forecast Analysis
    Offshore Decommissioning Market Predicted to Reach USD 12.27 Billion by 2032, Growing at a CAGR of 6.3% | Coherent Market Insights
    Offshore Decommissioning Market Predicted to Reach USD 12.27 Billion by 2032, Growing at a CAGR of 6.3% | Coherent Market Insights
    Flea And Tick Products Market Anticipated to flourish at a CAGR of 9.32% from 2025 to 2032
    Flea And Tick Products Market Anticipated to flourish at a CAGR of 9.32% from 2025 to 2032
    Customer Data Platform Market Growth Probability, Key Vendors and Future Scenario Up To 2032
    Customer Data Platform Market Growth Probability, Key Vendors and Future Scenario Up To 2032
    Carbon Dioxide Utilization Market to Hit $14.38 Bn by 2032 with a CAGR of 13.6% According to Coherent Market Insights
    Carbon Dioxide Utilization Market to Hit $14.38 Bn by 2032 with a CAGR of 13.6% According to Coherent Market Insights
    Beauty Supplements Market Anticipated to flourish at a CAGR of 5.55% from 2025 to 2032, reaching USD 4,591 Million by 2032
    Beauty Supplements Market Anticipated to flourish at a CAGR of 5.55% from 2025 to 2032, reaching USD 4,591 Million by 2032
    AI Governance Market Size & Forecast 2025-2032 : Emerging Business Opportunities and Growth Prospects
    AI Governance Market Size & Forecast 2025-2032 : Emerging Business Opportunities and Growth Prospects
    Wireline Services Market to Reach USD 47.13 Billion by 2032 with a 7.0% CAGR According to Coherent Market Insights
    Wireline Services Market to Reach USD 47.13 Billion by 2032 with a 7.0% CAGR According to Coherent Market Insights
    U.S. Hospitality Staffing Market to be Worth USD 258.72 Billion by 2032: Coherent Market Insights
    U.S. Hospitality Staffing Market to be Worth USD 258.72 Billion by 2032: Coherent Market Insights

    Why waste money on news and opinions when you can access them for free?

    Take advantage of our newsletter subscription and stay informed on the go!

    Subscribe

    More from Research Reports

    Explore more articles in the Research Reports category

    Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Market to Reach USD 5.52 Billion by 2032, Growing at 4.4% CAGR from USD 4.08 Billion in 2025

    Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Market to Reach USD 5.52 Billion by 2032, Growing at 4.4% CAGR from USD 4.08 Billion in 2025

    Network Detection and Response (NDR) Market 2025 Is Booming Worldwide by 2032

    Network Detection and Response (NDR) Market 2025 Is Booming Worldwide by 2032

    Rhinoplasty Implants Market Forecast to Surge to USD 3.24 Billion by 2032, Registering Robust 17% CAGR from USD 1.07 Billion in 2025

    Rhinoplasty Implants Market Forecast to Surge to USD 3.24 Billion by 2032, Registering Robust 17% CAGR from USD 1.07 Billion in 2025

    Polyamide 12 Market Is Booming So Rapidly with CAGR of 5.9% According to Coherent Market Insights

    Polyamide 12 Market Is Booming So Rapidly with CAGR of 5.9% According to Coherent Market Insights

    Olive Oil Market to Hit $35.10 Bn by 2032 with a CAGR of 5.7% According to Coherent Market Insights

    Olive Oil Market to Hit $35.10 Bn by 2032 with a CAGR of 5.7% According to Coherent Market Insights

    Nail Polish Market Is Booming So Rapidly with CAGR of 6.9% Size and YoY Growth Rate, 2025-2032

    Nail Polish Market Is Booming So Rapidly with CAGR of 6.9% Size and YoY Growth Rate, 2025-2032

    Modular Storage System  Market Size, Share 2025 Analysis of Rising Business Opportunities with Prominent Investment, Forecast to 2032

    Modular Storage System Market Size, Share 2025 Analysis of Rising Business Opportunities with Prominent Investment, Forecast to 2032

    Healthcare Data Monetization Market to Reach USD 3,061.6 Million, Globally by 2032 at 16.2% CAGR: Coherent Market Insights

    Healthcare Data Monetization Market to Reach USD 3,061.6 Million, Globally by 2032 at 16.2% CAGR: Coherent Market Insights

    Health Insurance Market Set to Double by 2032, Growing from USD 3.13 Billion in 2025 to USD 5.99 Billion at 9.7% CAGR

    Health Insurance Market Set to Double by 2032, Growing from USD 3.13 Billion in 2025 to USD 5.99 Billion at 9.7% CAGR

    Health Caregiving Market to Exceed USD 521.61 Billion by 2032, Expanding at 12.2% CAGR from USD 233.02 Billion in 2025

    Health Caregiving Market to Exceed USD 521.61 Billion by 2032, Expanding at 12.2% CAGR from USD 233.02 Billion in 2025

    Forensic Swab Market Expected to Hit USD 7.40 Billion by 2032, Rising at 5.8% CAGR from USD 4.98 Billion in 2025

    Forensic Swab Market Expected to Hit USD 7.40 Billion by 2032, Rising at 5.8% CAGR from USD 4.98 Billion in 2025

    Embedded Systems Market To Witness Substantial Growth, 2025-2032

    Embedded Systems Market To Witness Substantial Growth, 2025-2032

    View All Research Reports Posts
    Previous Research Reports PostTop 10 Players in the Hydraulic-Powered Crane Market Account for Nearly 85% of Revenue Share During Forecast Period 2021-2031
    Next Research Reports PostHeptaldehyde Market to Witness Widespread Expansion during 2021-2031: States Fact.MR